Enhanced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Elicited by Salmonella Flagellin-Adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S1 Subunit VaccineSong, Cui, Wang
et alViral Immunol (2025)
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has been spreading and changing globally. Adjuvant-based vaccines can improve vaccine protection by enhancing the immune response. Bacterial flagellin is a potent adjuvant and promotes protective immune responses. Here, we successfully expressed and purified the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2. The adjuvanticity of flagellin (FliC) of Salmonella Typhimurium in mice was determined by combining it with the recombinant S1 subunit vaccine. FliC-adjuvanted S1 vaccine could induce significantly enhanced S1-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1 and IgG2a titers, SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies, and levels of Th1 type (TNF-α and IFN-γ) and Th2 type (Interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) cytokines in splenocytes compared with the S1 alone group. Additionally, the titers of S1-specific IgG antibodies in the FliC adjuvant group could maintain a high level for at least 2 months. These results indicated that the FliC-adjuvanted S1 subunit vaccine could trigger strong humoral and cellular immune responses, which could promote the ongoing development of COVID-19 vaccines.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Before and After Both Vaccination and Natural Infection in ChinaGuang, Lina, Hui
Immun Inflamm Dis (2025) 13 (3), e70184
Abstract: This study aims to analyze the effects of temporal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in China before and after both vaccination and natural infection, thereby providing an empirical basis for evaluating the effectiveness of various prevention methods, including vaccination.IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassays, and antibody data was collected from published articles starting in early 2020 and from patients scheduled for surgery at the Hospital of Dalian Medical University between January 2022 and January 2024.A SARS-CoV-2 infection epidemic in Wuhan in January 2020 led to a 3.2% seropositivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (total antibodies). While the seropositivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in mainland China reached 37.2% following the implementation of China's zero-COVID policy and the immunization rate was above 90% in January 2022. By the end of 2022, the Chinese government eased strict control measures, resulting in a SARS-CoV-2 antibody (IgG) positivity rate of 86.7% in January 2023. In January 2024, the positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in post-pandemic was recorded at 94.0%. Antibody levels in the early part of 2023 were considerably higher than those measured in January 2022 (68.66 vs. 10.21, p < 0.05); that in early 2024 were not substantially higher than those in January 2023 (49.29 vs. 68.66, p > 0.05).The results of this study indicated that the immune barrier established by inactivated vaccines could be disrupted by the natural infection with SARS-CoV-2, resulting in a higher level of antibody production than vaccination. This effect can last for more than a year.© 2025 The Author(s). Immunity, Inflammation and Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Astragalus polysaccharide mitigates Eimeria tenella-induced damage in laying chicks by modulating immunity, inflammation, and intestine barrierZhao, Wang, Jiang
et alJ Anim Sci (2025)
Abstract: Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the main active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Astragalus, exhibit immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. This study analyzed the preventive and therapeutic effects of APS on chicks infected with Eimeria tenella (E.tenella) and its impact on intestinal health. A total of 120 1-day-old Hy-Line Brown chicks were assigned to four groups (2 × 2 factorial): (1) Control (0 mg/L APS + 0 sporulated oocysts/chick), (2) APS (1000 mg/L APS + 0 sporulated oocysts/chick), (3) E.tenella (0 mg/L APS + 5×104 sporulated oocysts/chick), (4) E.tenella+APS (1000 mg/L APS + 5×104 sporulated oocysts/chick). The results showed that the addition of APS to the drinking water increased the average daily gain and body weight (day 25) while reduced feed conversion ratio in E.tenella-infected chicks (P < 0.05). APS mitigated cecal lesions (P < 0.05), decreased oocyst shedding (P < 0.05), lowered spleen index (P < 0.05), and elevated bursa and thymus indices (P < 0.05). Serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (P < 0.05). Cecal tissue mRNA expression of IL-2, IgG, IgM, Claudin1, Claudin2, ZO-1, and Occludin were increased (P < 0.05), whereas IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB were decreased (P < 0.05). APS enriched cecal f_Lactobacillaceae, g_Lactobacillus, g_Tuzzerella, g_Oscillospira, and g_UBA1819 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the anti-coccidial index (142.10) indicated low-level efficacy. In conclusion, APS alleviated E.tenella damage by modulating immunity, inflammation, microbiota, and intestinal barriers. Although APS demonstrated limited direct anti-coccidial activity, its multi-faceted protective effects suggest potential in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis.© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Immunoglobulins G from Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Modify the Molecular Signatures of Endothelial CellsChepy, Vivier, Bray
et alRMD Open (2025) 11 (1)
Abstract: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are powerful biomarkers in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Functional antibodies (FA) might be implicated in vasculopathy, in which endothelial cells (EC) are key players. We aimed to explore the effect of purified IgG from patients with SSc on omics signatures of EC and examine the influence of ANA serotypes and FA.EC were cultured in the presence of purified IgG from patients with SSc, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or healthy controls (HC). EC omics profiles were analysed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and RNA sequencing. EC proteome induced by IgG from patients with SSc was confirmed with an external validation cohort.In the derivation cohort, principal component analysis (PCA) using proteomics data showed three distinct groups of subjects: a first one including mostly anti-topoisomerase-I positive patients (ATA+), a second one including mostly anti-centromere positive patients and a third group comprising anti-RNA polymerase-III positive patients, SLE and HC. In transcriptomics, PCA distinguished one group composed of ATA+patients only from a second group mixing ATA+patients with other individuals. The validation cohort confirmed the existence of two groups of distinct EC proteome profiles and clinical severity in ATA+patients. In both SSc cohorts, no association between FA presence and proteomic profiles was observed. Quantitative proteomics measured the most discriminant proteins in EC exposed to purified IgG.Purified IgG from patients with SSc can modify EC proteome and transcriptome. The observed changes closely associate with ANA serotype.© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.
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