A hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when conjugated with a large carrier such as a protein. Typical haptens include drugs, urushiol, quinone, steroids, etc. Peptides and non-protein antigens usually need conjugating to a carrier protein (such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) or KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) to become good immunogens). Additionally, haptens should be administered with an adjuvant to ensure a high quality immune response. It is important that the hapten design (preserving greatly the chemical structure and spatial conformation of target compound), selection of the appropriate carrier protein and the conjugation method are key conditions for the desired specificity anti-hapten antibodies. We design anti-hapten antibodies based on the HaptenDB information.
Abstract: tThe present research verified the presence of important phytochemicals in the dichloromethane extract of Y. elephantipes Regel roots through qualitative screening, GC-MS analysis, and evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Phytochemical analysis confirmed flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins. GC-MS detected 41 components, including benzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone (100%), heptanoic acid docosyl ester (83.01%), phthalic acid benzyl isobutyl ester (77.41%), stigmasterol (23.37%), and cholesterol (22.04%). Antioxidant activity was determined by hydrogen peroxide and ferrous reducing assays. The extract showed antioxidant activity increased in concentration-dependent manner with 67.94 ± 1.04% inhibition in the hydrogen peroxide assay and 71.51 ± 0.69% in the ferrous reducing assay, compared to ascorbic acid 85.14 ± 0.82% and 86.75 ± 1.05%, respectively. The extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity (55.04 ± 2.3%, IC50 = 29.2 ± 2.4 µg/ml) via the ROS method, compared to ibuprofen (73.20 ± 1.7%, IC50 = 11.2 ± 1.9 µg/ml). Molecular docking explored ligand-target interactions, while SwissADME predicted ADME properties. These findings highlight Y. elephantipes as a source of phytochemicals with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications for oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions..